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Residuals of pharmaceuticals in waters
Vašíčková, Petra ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on studying synthetic pharmaceuticals spreading into the aquatic ecosystem. Ketoprofen and diclofenac, non-steroidal analgetics were studied. The aim of this work is to develop both a suitable analytic method for analytes isolation from a given matrix and an optimal technique for identification and determination of analgetics residues in waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed as the separation method for isolation of given pharmaceuticals and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used for their determination. The optimised and validation method was used to model samples of water. Obtained results were evaluated and their interpretation was done.
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Determination of drug residuals using separation methods
Vašíčková, Petra ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances became a very frequently used and constantly evolved group of the drugs, particularly in a human medicine. The risk of their penetration into the environment, especially to the water environment, is rising during the recent years. The diploma thesis is focused on a selection of appropriate separation method and optimization of analytical procedure for the identification and determination of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sewage and surface waters. Salicylic acid, ketoprofen, diclofenac and ibuprofen were chosen from the wide range of NSAIDs as the most widespread agents of this drugs group in the medical practice. The method was optimized and elaborated using the model water samples. This method was used for determination of the analytes contained in the real water samples. Waste water samples were taken from the large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice and surface water samples were taken from the Highlands river Křetínka. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the real samples treatment and preconcentration, the determination was performed using the high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy method (LC-MS).
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Carbamazepine - a study on the input to surface waters
Hromádková, Lucie ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Anticonvulsant carbamazepine is a pharmaceutical, which is necessary to be taken continuously. Moreover carbamazepine and its metabolites are resistant to microbial degradation and sorption onto sludge in present municipal wastewater treatment plants. Therefore carbamazepine and its metabolites pass through WWTP and are constantly discharged to surface waters. Concentrations of carbamazepine measured in surface waters are too low to cause acute toxicological effects, but chronic toxicological effects or synergic effects with other pharmaceuticals cannot be excluded. Due to its physico-chemical properties carbamazepine is recalcitrant to degradation in surface waters and in soil, thus it infiltrates through bedrock to ground water. So far there is not enough information on behaviour and effects of metabolites of carbamazepine in surface waters. Besides carbamazepine, also other pharmaceuticals are nowadays often detected in surface and ground water and in the soil. Furthermore, as the population grows the consumption of pharmaceuticals increases as does their input into environment. However, given the risks, which pharmaceuticals in the environment entail, it is necessary to reduce additional input of these micropolutants into environment. As pharmaceuticals can enter the environment by many pathways, there...
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Changes in physico-chemical parameters of the Orlik reservoir selected tributaries
ZELENKOVÁ, Kamila
The topic of the thesis is determination of concentration of dissolved solids in water and seasonal changes in surface water chemistry for specific affluents of Orlík water reservoir. Water samples were collected on regular basis and analysed in a laboratory during one season (November 2014 - November 2015). The thesis is focused on monitoring of changes in phosphate and nitrate concentrations, in particular. The results of analysis indicate that measured concentrations of substances at monitored locations reflect generally measured data within the region. Concentrations of NO3-N peak in winter to early spring seasons, therefore seasonal changes do occur; differences between locations have not been proven statistically. As for the parameter PO4-P within locations downstream pond systems no significant statistic differences were identified. Values of PO4-P concentration are not primarily associated with agricultural activities but rather with local sources existing within the catch basin. It has been concluded from testing water quality upstream and downstream fish ponds that pond management had no impact on quality of water within the monitored locations in 2015; respectively no additional phosphor and nitrogen load was imposed on Orlík water reservoir
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Determination of drug residuals using separation methods
Vašíčková, Petra ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory substances became a very frequently used and constantly evolved group of the drugs, particularly in a human medicine. The risk of their penetration into the environment, especially to the water environment, is rising during the recent years. The diploma thesis is focused on a selection of appropriate separation method and optimization of analytical procedure for the identification and determination of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sewage and surface waters. Salicylic acid, ketoprofen, diclofenac and ibuprofen were chosen from the wide range of NSAIDs as the most widespread agents of this drugs group in the medical practice. The method was optimized and elaborated using the model water samples. This method was used for determination of the analytes contained in the real water samples. Waste water samples were taken from the large-scale wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice and surface water samples were taken from the Highlands river Křetínka. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for the real samples treatment and preconcentration, the determination was performed using the high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy method (LC-MS).
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Residuals of pharmaceuticals in waters
Vašíčková, Petra ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on studying synthetic pharmaceuticals spreading into the aquatic ecosystem. Ketoprofen and diclofenac, non-steroidal analgetics were studied. The aim of this work is to develop both a suitable analytic method for analytes isolation from a given matrix and an optimal technique for identification and determination of analgetics residues in waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed as the separation method for isolation of given pharmaceuticals and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used for their determination. The optimised and validation method was used to model samples of water. Obtained results were evaluated and their interpretation was done.
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The occurrence and interactions of iodine in a natural environment, focused on the hydrosphere.
ŠEDA, Martin
Iodine is an important element essential for higher animals. A large part of the global human population suffers from a lack of iodine; elucidation of transfer and mobility of this element in the environment, water, soil, air and in organisms is thus very important. The aim of this work was the elaboration and optimisation of the method for determination of very low concentrations of iodine in the waters. The mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) technique was used. It has been shown that using of different filter types during sample preparation had no significant effect on the content of impurities in the filtered sample. Antimony was recommended as an internal standard, despite commonly used elements (indium or tellurium). Samples were not preserved because nitric acid caused volatilization of iodine from the sample and the addition of aqueous ammonia had no significant effect. The optimised method was tested on several groups of water samples, including precipitation, surface water and lysimetric waters. From autumn 2009 to summer 2010, a part of the Blanice River (Šumava Mountains, South Bohemia) was sampled. The average content of iodine in samples ranged from 1.48 ? 0.30 ?g?dm-3 (April 2010) to 3.05 ? 0.38 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The average content of iodine in samples from all tributaries of the Blanice River ranged between 2.52 ? 1.63 ?g?dm-3 (March 2010) and 3.67 ? 1.37 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The concentration of iodine in the monitored surface waters did not change significantly along the flow of the river. The other two streams were sampled near Rapotín village (Jeseníky Mountains, north Moravia). The average contents of iodine were as follow: Annov (upper stream) 1.60 ? 0.65 ?g?dm-3, Annov (lower stream) 1.88 ? 1.18 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (upper stream) 1.77 ? 0.92 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (lower stream) 1.42 ? 0.58 ?g?dm-3. Generally, the data showed that considering iodine, the area of Šumava had slightly higher levels than those observed in the Jeseníky Mountains. Precipitation collected in the South Bohemia (Arnoštov village and city of České Budějovice) and in Jeseníky (Rapotín) contained less iodine compared to surface waters, and rarely exceeded 3 micrograms per liter of water. The situation has changed in the spring of 2010, because of the occurrence of volcanic dust and ash over the Czech Republic. This volcanic cloud came from the sudden activity of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano (Iceland). In the mentioned period, the contents of iodine in precipitation were increased several times at all sample collection sites. This is an indirect evidence that iodine could be released during volcanic eruptions and transferred over long distances through the atmosphere. It turned out that the wastewater treatment plant can eliminate iodine in wastewater only partially. However, the wastewater treatment plants in the monitored region were too small to evaluate the overall impact on the environment. The maximum iodine content at the outlet of the wastewater treatment plant Prachatice town (South Bohemia) was 28.5 ?g?dm-3, which is several times higher than natural levels in the Živný stream, to which the treated water flows. Lysimetric water samples were collected from lysimeters installed in three nearby plots in Arnoštov village (Šumava, South Bohemia). The highest concentrations of iodine were found on plot where cattle were grazed. These values were significantly higher (average 4.38 ? 1.74 ?g?dm-3) than those obtained from a site used as hay meadow (average 2.69 ? 1.19 ?g?dm-3) or an untreated meadow (average 2.25 ? 1.39 ?g?dm-3). Iodine therefore probably originated from the urine and feces of grazed cattle. This thesis contributes to the total knowledge of iodine, particularly to the part concerning determination of iodine in the hydrosphere.
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Vstupní analýza problematiky současného stavu sledování a hodnocení ekologického stavu povrchových vod a biomonitoringu v ČR
AQ-Service, s.r.o., Brno ; Zahrádka, Jiří ; Hodovský, Jan
Analýza je vstupním dokumentem pro studii komplexního řešení sledování a hodnocení ekologického stavu povrchových vod v ČR a k odborné diskusi nad touto problematikou. Byla zpracována na základě srovnání požadavků právních předpisů Evropských společenství souvisících s touto problematikou a zjištěným stavem řešení (implementace) problematiky v současnosti v České republice. Analýza byla zaměřena na čtyři hlavní cíle, a to definice požadavků (zejména implementace požadavků Rámcové směrnice vodní politiky), systém řízení a koordinace řešení požadavků (způsob a efektivita řízení řešitelů, systém zabezpečení proveditelnosti řešení), přístup řešitelů (způsob řešení, efektivita zvoleného přístupu) a možné negativní dopady a východiska (možné důsledky neefektivních řešení a absence výstupů, varianty efektivních řešení).
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